Film Industry Terms
A and B Rolls
===========
The negative of an edited
film, cut to picture, but built into 2 rolls,
A
and B,
to allow for invisible splices, instant changes of the timing lights, fades and
dissolves. A
roll will have all the odd numbered shots, with black leader in place of any
missing shots contained on the
B
roll. B
roll has all the even numbered shots, with black leader in place of all the
shots on the A
roll. Negative is printed in 3 passes through the contact printer, one for each
roll, and another for soundtrack.
Academy Aperture
=============== In 35mm this is the
full frame exposed by the camera, with an aspect ratio of 1:33.
Acting
===== Acting is the process of portraying characters written in a screenplay
through an actor's interpretation.
Action Cutting
=========== Cutting in the middle of
the action which cannot be observed by the viewer.
A.D.R.
===== Automated Dialogue Recording.
This is essentially Dubbing, done in addition to, or as replacement for Location
Sound.
Anamorphic
========== Method of creating a wide
screen image with standard film, using a special lens on the camera and
projector, which compresses the width of the image exposed on the film and then
expands it when projected.
Answer Print
=========== The answer print is the initial print complete with mixed audio
submitted to the producer.
Aperture
======= Iris.
Apple Box
========= High Tech stuff. Wooden
box, often used on the set to stand on or raise up equipment. Half Apples and
Quarter Apples are half and one quarter as thick boxes. People just sit on them
too!
Aspect Ratio
========== The proportions of the
frame. In 16mm and 35mm the camera photographs a slightly square image, with an
aspect ratio of 1:33 to 1. In 35mm the image is generally shot with the Academy
Aperture and then masked in the projector to produce a higher image: 1:85 in the
USA, and 1:66 in Europe.
A.S.A.
===== Sensitivity to light of a
particular type of film. It is the specific number used to measure Film Speed.
Measured by ISO ASA.
Art Director
========== The art director is in charge of the craft aspect on a film set,
including costumes and set design.
Assembly
======== Assembly is the process of cutting raw material into a rough film draft
in order to manage continuity and get a sense of the big picture.
Assistant Director
============== The assistant director is the film set referee. His job is to
keep everything going smoothly and on schedule and maintain peace among the cast
and crew. The Assistant Director also prepares call sheets.
Barndoors
========= Very useful blinders on
the sides of lights that can be used to keep light from spreading out
everywhere. Can also be used to clip lighting gel onto. Barndoors get very hot
when a light is on, so best to wear gloves when adjusting them, and let them
cool before removing or packing them.
Barney
====== A quilted cloth that fits
around a camera to reduce camera noise. Term is believed to come from a horse
blanket, "barney blanket".
Base
==== Film has two basic elements and
the Base is the clear, perforated strip. Emulsion is the thin, light-sensitive
layer that is glued onto it.
Bayonet
======= A type of lens commonly used
with heavier lenses, eg Zoom. Contrasts to screw-mount lenses as Bayonet attach
with a locking system, and can typically be changed much faster than
screw-mount.
Best Boy
======= Also known as the first assistant electrician. The best boy reports
directly to the gaffer. The second in command of any group can also be referred
to as the best boy.
Blue Screen
========== Sequences filmed with a
blue screen as background, which is later exchanged to another picture.
Bolex
=====Workhorse of 16mm some decades
ago, that many people learnt filmmaking on. Typically refers to reflex,
spring-wound model.
Boom
===== Usually refers to the microphone aimed toward the sound to be recorded on
a film set.
Bracketing
=========Filming of several takes of
the same frame or shot at different F-Stops to experiment and achieve the
required effect or result. Often used for Titles.
The Call
=======Directions that begin a take,
eg "Roll Sound", "Roll Camera" etc.
Call Sheet
========= A call sheet is a list of required actors for a scene about to be
shot.
Camera
======= A camera is a device that records images through a lens and onto film
using light.
Camera Assistant
==============Person who assists the
Camera Operator.
Camera Crew or Camera Department
============================== Led
by the Director of Photography, and made up of Camera Operator, 1st Assistant
Camera (Focus Puller), 2nd Assistant Camera (Clapper Loader), Assistants to
those on major productions, and Camera Runners.
Camera Operator
============== Person who actually
operates the camera.
Camera Reports
============= Paperwork used to log
shots and takes, and put down any notes for the laboratory that will process the
shots or for editor, director etc. during editing. Generally one camera report
per camera roll.
Camera Roll
========== Each roll that is shot
becomes a camera roll, with its own number in the order of shooting. Normal
notation is "C.R. No."
Camera Stock
=========== This is film, used to
distinguish it from Print Stock.
Cast
==== A list of actors involved in a film.
Casting Director
============= The casting director is in charge of selecting actors to fill
roles in a screenplay.
Cinema
====== A venue that hosts film screenings.
Cinematographer
============== The cinematographer makes decisions based on the visual aspects
of a film - from camera and lens choices to lighting design and film stock
decisions.
Clapboard
========= A handheld board that displays information about the scene to be shot.
Changing Bag
============ Doubled chambered black
bag, with a zipper on one end and two elasticized arm holes at the other end,
used for loading film into magazines "in the dark" and hence unexposed.
Cheat
===== When the camera is set up for
a second shot of a sequence / interview / shot at a different angle, it is
possible to move actors, props etc. around a little to improve the new
composition and look to make it cut with the first shot, thus hiding the
difference in angle and perspective. "We're going to cheat you a little" is
often said to the actor(s).
Continuity
======== Seamless element of film,
ensuring by the placement of actors, props, movement etc. that the audience does
not notice when a film cuts from one shot to another.
Continuity Editing
=============== A concept where the
screen is understood as a “window”, the editing should create continuous
storyline.
Cue Sheets
========= Used by the sound mixer in
post-production as a guide or map to find the sounds on the various tracks. Laid
out as a grid with each track like a column, and time moving ahead in rows
measured in 35mm footage (even if you shot in 16mm).
Cut
=== Standard way of moving from one
shot to the next, with an instant "cut" to one shot away from the previous. Also
can refer to the "first cut" of a film, or the "assembly", and second cut, third
cut etc.
Cutaway
======= A shot, often a close-up or
Wide Shot, that is used to break up a matching action sequence. Often vital in
editing to rescue filmmaker from an impossible break in continuity.
Closed Captioned
=============== A system that displays spoken dialog in the form of text in a
film for the benefit of hearing impaired audience members.
Close-up
======= A close up is a shot that features the subject larger than the frame and
with much detail.
Color Timing
=========== The process of controlling the color in film and keeping it
consistent from scene to scene.
Composite Print
============= This is a print that features both images and audio.
Continuity
========= The consistency of a film relative to itself.
Costume Designer
=============== Person who designs the clothing worn by the actors in a film.
Crew
===== Refers to all who work behind the scenes on a film.
Critic
===== A critic publishes an analysis of a finished film judging its artistic
and/or entertainment qualities.
Dailies
====== The first quickly exposed positive print of a days shoot to be viewed by
the director and cinematographer early the next day.
Depth of Field
=========== Lens focuses on a single
plane of depth, there is usually an additional area in focus behind and in front
of that plane. That is called the depth of field. Wider the lens the more depth
of field; longer the lens, less depth of field. Deeper area in focus, the
further away the lens is focused. Smaller depth of field, when lens is focused
close. Depth of field is not an even spread, as rule of thumb, about one-third
in front of plane, and two-thirds behind. Many think understanding and use of
Depth of Field is core art of photography, and camerawork. To factor all the
variety of factors in, many consult a depth of field table, of which there are
several.
Dialog Coach
=========== The dialog coach assists actors in delivering the manner of speaking
required for each role in a film.
Dialog Editor
=========== The sound editor that specializes in editing a film's dialog.
Diffusion
======= Filter used on camera to
create a soft focus effect. It can also refer to a white sheet of material used
on a movie light to soften the shadows.
Director
======= The director is the chief artistic force behind a film bringing together
and facilitating all aspects including the script, the actors and
cinematography.
Director of Photography
=================== DOP. The cinematography in charge of making the director's idea
of a scene a visual reality. In overall charge of Camerawork, Lighting and
Camera Crew / Department. Highly experienced cameraperson, ultimately makes all
decisions relating to camera, composition etc., subject to Director approval.
Director's Cut
=========== The early cut of a film under the director's control independent of
studio decisions and influence.
Dissolve
======= A transitional device used to gradual lead the viewer from one scene to
the next.
Documentary
=========== A film whose narrative is derived from nonfiction and does not
feature actors.
Dolly, Platform
============ A dolly is a small vehicle or truck that helps transport the camera
and its crew sometimes including the director in order to create smooth
movement.
Dolly Shot
======== Where the camera is placed
on a dolly, and is moved while recording the shot.
Dolly Grip
======== The dolly grip is in charge of moving or driving the dolly.
Dubbing
======= Recording of dialogue in a
sound studio, after the footage is shot, where the actors watch the film and
match the lip movements whilst recording their dialogue.
Dutch Tilt
======== Composition with the camera
viewing the scene at a diagonal. Same as Canted Angle. Much used in "The Third
Man".
Editing
====== Editing is the process of assembling and sequencing trimmed portions of
raw material into a final viewable product. The cutting and arranging of shots.
E.D.L.
===== Edit Decision List, used by
the negative cutter when films are cut digitally. EDL is created from the
non-linear edit systems used.
Emulsion
======== Thin layer of silver
attached to the base of film, which when exposed and developed, creates the film
image through the areas of silver, which block light, and the clear areas which
have allowed light to pass through them.
Emulsion Type
============ A film's emulsion type
refers to the composition of its emulsion, eg whether it was created to be fast,
slow, grainy, fine-grained, pastel, black and white or colour, daylight
balanced, tungsten balanced, colourful etc. Each emulsion type is represented by
a number. Kodak, for instance, give a 4 number label to their different type of
emulsions. Filmmakers chose the Emulsion type according to the conditions they
will be shooting in, the atmosphere and effects they want etc.
Eye Line
======= The direction an actor (or
interviewee) should look off-screen to match the Point of View shot or Reverse
Angle shot that may cut in before or after. Always best to give the character an
actual spot or thing or person to look at.
Executive Producer
================ The producer who is involved in the overall production and its
finances and not involved in any technical aspects.
Extra
===== An extra is usually an unpaid actor who fills roles where nonspecific,
non-speaking background characters are needed.
Fade
==== Slow transition from one shot
to black. Fade Out is where the image becomes black. Fade In or Fade Up is where
the image fades up from black.
Film History
========== Film history traces the development of film technology and art
through time.
Filmography
========== A filmography is a list of completed works by a filmmaker.
Film Speed
========= Sensitivity to light for
proper exposure of a given film stock. Larger the grain of silver on the
emulsion, the less light is needed for exposure. Film Stocks are spoken of as
Fast or Slow, fast film having large grains and needing less light; and Slow
smaller grains and more light.
Filter
==== Tinted glass or plastic sheet
placed in front of the lens or behind it, used to change the colour of the
entire shot. Can be used to convert tungsten balanced film for use in daylight
or vice versa. Also used for effects, eg to make blue sky red or black.
Focal Length
=========== How wide or how narrow a
view the lens will provide. Smaller focal length numbers mean wider, larger
numbers mean narrower.
Fog
=== Light has got in and exposed all
or part of the film.
Foley
===== Recording of customised sound
effects during post-production in the same way that dialogue is dubbed. The
inventor of the system was Foley.
Frame
===== Single image on a piece of
film. 24 fps (frames per second) on 16mm film.
French flag
========= Small black piece of
metal, attached to camera with an arm that can be manipulated, to shade the lens
from light and avoid Flare in the shot.
F-STOP
====== Scale used to measure the
size of the opening of the iris on a lens.
Gaffer
===== The Gaffer serves as the chief electrician and works with the Director of
Photography with lighting setup.
Gaffer Tape
========== Cloth tape specifically
used for film shoots, usually 2 inches wide, black or silver. Very strong and
does not leave any sticky residue behind.
Gate
==== Opening of a camera or
projector just behind the lens, through which a single frame is exposed or
projected.
Gauge
====== The size, specifically the
width, of a film format: 16mm, 35mm, 70mm.
Gel
=== Large sheet of transparent
tinted plastic, used as filter for lights or to cover a window. Two types: one
will convert one colour temperature to another, another that will come in
variety of colours.
Gobo
===== Flat board, like a flag, but
full of holes or shapes, used for creating a pattern of light or shadows when
placed in front of a light. Also known as A Cookie at times.
Green Screen
============ Sequences filmed with a
green screen as background, which is later exchanged to another picture.
Grip
==== Grips are in charge of any moving equipment or set pieces during a shoot.
Hand Held
========= Shooting without a tripod.
Unusual in Film.
Hair in the Gate
============= Disaster strikes if
and when a hair is in the gate of the camera, is not noticed and a roll or
number of shots has the hair dancing around across it. Camera Assistants
constantly check the lens for such hair or dust, using small torches and
delicate brushes and touches.
Headroom
========= Space between the top of a
subject's head and the top of the frame. Headroom needs care so there is not too
much, and not too little. Audience attention is easily distracted if this is
wrong. Thought must also be given to Headroom if the production is to go to
video or for blow-up.
HMI
=== Type of light, standing for
Halogen Metal Incandescence. Bright, power efficient lights, balanced for colour
temperature daylight which means they are useful in mixed lighting situations.
Expensive, large and heavy.
Infinity
====== The furthest distance on the
focusing ring of a lens.
Iris
=== A valve within the lens to
control the amount of light that passes through. Opening the Iris permits more
light through, closing the Iris permits less. The degree to which the Iris is
opened is measured in F-Stops.
I.S.O.
===== Equivalent of ASA.
Jump Cut
======== Two similar shots cut
together with a jump in camera position, time or continuity.
Lighting
======= Lighting is the aspect of a cinematic production that deals with
illuminating actors and settings so that their images will appear on the film or
video media. Through the qualities of color, intensity, brightness and angle of
projection, lighting also contributes to the mood and texture of the dramatic
conception.
Lip Synch
======== Synch Sound.
Location Sound
============= Synch Sound, recorded
on location, plus any other sort of wild track such as atmosphere or room tone.
Locked Down Shot
=============== Shot taken with the
pan and tilt releases locked so that the camera will not move during the
duration of the shot. Usually used for definite effects, e.g. one shot with
character in it; cut to next shot, locked down to same frame with no character
in it, creating the illusion the character has just disappeared in an instant.
Magazine
======== The attachment to the film
camera with one or two light-proof chambers, that hold 400 or 1,000 feet of
film. Typically cameras have two or three magazines, which can be loaded ahead
of time needed, and then just attached as previous magazine runs out of film.
Mark
==== Clapping of Clapperboard to
create a Synch Mark for the shot. This term is also used to refer to piece of
tape on floor, which is an Actor's Mark for standing or moving to.
Mark It
====== Direction to Clapperboard
Operator to mark the shot.
Master Shot
========== A single shot, usually a
wide shot that incorporates the whole scene from beginning to end. Usually
filmed first, and then all the close-ups and other shots are done afterwards.
Matte Box
======== A square metal frame, that
goes in front of the lens, usually held there by two small rods. Holds filters
and various matte masks.
Matte Shot
========= Double exposure that takes
two images one on top of another, but masks off part of the frame of one
exposure and perhaps the other area of frame for the other. Split screen is
another name for this.
M&E
==== Music and Effects. Productions
will have an M&E track made in Post-Production, which is used when the film is
dubbed into other languages so that all the Music and Effects do not have to be
re-created and re-done each time. Only essential if production plans on going
into different languages.
Mix
=== Process of combining all
soundtracks into one mixed whole, with the sounds blended together with the
right quality and volumes per sound, to give the desired and intended result.
Multicam
======== The use of multiple cameras
to film on sequence
Narrative Film
============ A linear, straightforward film presentation of a story.
Negative
======= Original film that is used
in the camera.
Neg Cutter
========= Person who cuts and
assembles the original negative to match the edited film work print or works
from the EDL from the non-linear editing to create the final film from the neg,
which then goes to the lab for the Answer Print.
Off-line Editing
============ Off-line editing is the process of editing low-quality copies of
the original footage, for the sake of cost efficiency, to generate an Edit
Decision List. The editor will then apply the EDL toward editing the
high-quality footage.
180 Degree Rule
============= States that if two
people are filmed in a sequence then there is an invisible line between them.
The camera should then only be positioned within the 180 degrees on one side of
that line. "Crossing the line" results in a jump cut, where the people appear to
change positions and eye line and ruins whatever effect is being sought.
Online Editing
============ The editing of footage at the original, highest-quality.
Out Takes
======== Footage from rushes that is
not used.
Pan
=== Horizontal camera on an axis,
moving from left to right or vice versa. Camera is turning on own axis, not
across space as in Dolly or Tracking shot.
Parellel Editing
============= Inter-cutting between
two simultaneous stories or scenes.
Perfs
==== Sprocket holes in a piece of
film.
Plan-Sequence
============= A a long shot without
much movement of the camera, the aim is to prevent cuts
P.O.V.
===== Camera gives a Point of View
shot of a character, as though the camera and hence the audience can see what
the character can see.
Post-Production
============= After principle photography, a film will go into post-production
which includes editing, computer enhancements and sound dubbing.
Premiere
======== Refers to the first public screening of a motion picture.
Preview
======= A showing of a film to a
selected audience before it is publicly released
Prime Lens
========= One with a single focal
length, whether wide, normal or telephoto. Different to zoom lens, which has a
variable focal length. Prime tend to be sharper, faster and will often focus
more closely.
Pre-Production
============ The process of preparing for the production stage of a film,
including script revisions, casting and location research.
Principal Photography
================== All shots that include the lead actors.
Producer
======== The producer is the manager of all business and financial aspects
involved in making a film.
Product Placement
================ The point at which a film becomes an advertisement. The
filmmakers agree to place a company's product or logo visibly within shots.
Production
========= Production involves the facilitation of all financial and business
aspects of the making of a film.
Production Assistant
================= Also called a gofer this person is responsible for A person
responsible for various odd jobs, such as stopping traffic, acting as couriers,
fetching items from craft service, etc.
Production Sound
=============== Synch sound, or any
other sort of wild track.
Reaction Shot
============ Shot of someone looking
off screen and showing their reaction to something that has gone before, or
which follows.
Registration
========== Registration is a term that describes the degree of steadiness a
given camera is able to achieve.
Reel
==== Metal or plastic spool used for
holding film, either for projection or editing.
Release
======= The distributor has shipped a film to exhibitors. At that point, the
public can view the film without studio restrictions.
Room Tone
========== Usually refers to the audio characteristic of the film set or
location. Sound engineers will sometimes record the 'silence' of a space to
capture its tone.
Rotoscoping
========== Animation that is achieved through the tracing of live action.
Rough Cut
========= Edited film, the stages
after first assembly but prior to Fine Cut.
Rushes
====== Work print, from the material
when it is back from the Lab. Called the Rushes because of the urgency to see
that everything came out ok. Can be called Dailies.
Safety
===== An additional take, done after
what may or may not be a good one, just as a safety net.
Screenwriting
============ Screenwriting is the process of writing a story for a film.
Script Supervisor
============== The script supervisor is in charge of keeping track of which
scenes have been filmed, deviations from the script and continuity.
Second Unit
========== These are crews that are in charge of filming minor scenes, usually
at a separate location.
Set
=== The set is the environment, indoor or outdoor, where shooting takes place.
Set Designer
=========== The set designer is responsible for interpreting the production
designer's vision of the story's setting and creating the filming environment.
ShortEnds
========= The unexposed part of a
roll of film in a magazine that is clipped off and placed back in the can for
later use. Less than normal roll length.
Shot
==== Basic element of shooting and
post-production, representing the film exposed from the time the camera is
started to the time it is stopped.
Skillset
====== Sector Skills Council for the
Audio Visual Industry, with offices in London, the Nations and Regions.
Slate
==== Clapperboard used to record a
scene number, take number, and with synch point at the beginning (or end) of a
shot.
Slow Motion
========== A shot in which the action is slowed down relative to the film's
contextual pace.
Sound Crew
========== The sound crew is involved in creating a film's soundtrack through
recording, mixing and editing.
Sound Effects
============ Sound effects are tricks of sound mostly achieved by combining
technology, ingenuity and creativity and employed in films to facilitate
suspension of audience disbelief. Sounds effects can be recorded on a sound
stage or in the field with the use of portable equipment.
Sound Effects Editor
================ The sound effects editor is in charge of recording, arranging
and mixing sound effects on a film's soundtrack.
Sound Engineering
================ The sound engineer is the master of recorded and mixed audio
accompaniment to a film.
Soundstage
========== Soundstages are provided to house film sets.
Soundtrack
========== The soundtrack refers to the audio aspect of a film.
Special Effects
============ Special effects are tricks of sight and sound mostly achieved by
combining technology, ingenuity and creativity and employed in films to
facilitate suspension of audience disbelief.
Special Effects Supervisor
===================== The Special Effects Supervisor is in charge of the special
effects crew.
Stages of Film Production
===================== Films go
through 5 common stages:
1. Research and Development, including Writing, Pitching, Finding Finance
2. Pre-Production: Production is definitely on and preparations are made
3. Production or Shoot: Filming
4. Post-Production or Post: Editing of Sound and Vision
5. Distribution and Exhibition, which may be the crucial part of the process
-marketing the film; getting it shown and watched.
Stand-in
======= A stand-in is a person who resembles a film's actor and is used as a
reference during long setups.
Steadycam
========= A camera-device that is is
carried by person, but absorbs his movement, creating a smooth picture
Steenbeck
========= Popular brand of film
editing machinery, now very outmoded and replaced by non-linear editing.
Stock Footage
============ Stock footage includes previously filmed footage used with
permission when timesaving is necessary.
Stop-Motion
========== A form of filmed animation that involves the frame-by-frame
manipulation of objects.
Storyboard
========= The storyboard is an outline consisting of renderings to illustrate
the sequence, flow and general look of a film or scene before filming begins.
Studio
====== The studio is the company that is in charge of the release and
distribution of a film product.
Stunt Coordinator
============== The stunt coordinator is in charge of designing and scheduling
stunt performances.
Stunt Performer
============= Stunt performers are specially trained act in potentially
dangerous scenes, usually in the place of the regular actors.
Subtitles
======= Subtitles are printed text that appear in a film mainly to translate
passages of spoken dialog.
Synching or Syncing
================= Lining up of sound
and picture before editing a synch sound film.
Synch Sound
=========== Sound recorded while
shooting picture.
Tail Slate or Tail Clapper
==================== Marking shot at
end rather than the beginning, which may be necessary through nature of the shot
or circumstances.
Take
==== A take is a continuous filming action of a scene.
Technical Advisor
=============== Technical advisors provide advice on the many technical aspects
of creating a film.
Telecine
======= Machine for transferring
film to video. Much used in modern Film as images can go from Neg to Video and
thence to non-linear for editing.
Tilt
=== Vertical camera movement on its
axis, up or down. Not to be called and Up or Down Pan, but Tilt Up and Tilt
Down.
Tone
==== A 1,000 Hz sine wave at the
beginning of a sound recording tape to provide consistent volume when
transferring sound. Word is also used to describe Room Tone.
Tracking
======= Involves the camera itself
being moved smoothly towards or away from the subject in order to draw the
viewer into the action, into a closer, more intimate relations with the subject.
Tracking out tends to create emotional distance. The speed of tracking may also
affect the viewer's mood. Rapid tracking is exciting; slow tracking relaxes
interest. Camera movement parallel to the moving subject creates an idea of
speed without revealing that the camera exists or is there. Tracking is done
with the camera on a trolley, which runs on "tracks" like a mini-train track,
hence the name tracking.
Trailer
====== A short, edited montage of selected scenes from a film to be used as and
advertisement for the film that is shown in cinemas or on TV
Trims
===== Outtakes of a few frames.
Tungsten
======== Colour temperature of
artificial light.
UnderExposure
============= Filming a shot or
scene with less light than the emulsion on the film needs for correct exposure.
Image will be darker, but if allowed for in printing the effect can be grainy.
Video Production
============== The process of recording, editing and exhibiting visual and audio
information on magnetic, sometimes portable media.
Voice-over
========= Dialog appearing in a film's soundtrack where the speaker is not
visible - usually employed for narration.
Walla
===== Random background conversation employed to produce certain atmospheric
effects.
Wardrobe Department
================== The department of a film's production crew in charge of
choosing, creating, storing and maintaining costumes.
Whip Pan
======== A fast pan, usually resulting in motion blur.
Wide Lens
========= Lens with focal length
smaller than 25mm in 16mm or 50mm in 35mm.
Wild Sound
========== Not synch, recorded
without the camera running.
Wipe
===== A wipe is another transitional device that wipes one scene horizontally
into the other.
Working Title
=========== The title of a film during production, sometimes different from the
title of the final product.
Wrangler
======== The professional on the film set generally in charge of controlling
animals used in a film production.
Wrap
===== The act of finishing a shot, the day's work or the entire production.
Zoom Lens
========= Variable focal length
lens.
Zoom Shot
========= A shot where an object increasingly fills the shot's frame through
camera lens magnification.
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